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PEOPLE@HES-SO – Directory and Skills inventory

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Directory and Skills inventory

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Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Professeur-e HES Ordinaire

Main skills

Materials Science and Engineering

Powder Metallurgy

Powder Injection Moulding

MIM & CIM

Ceramics & Metal-Ceramic Composites

Additive manufacturing

SLM & Binder Jetting 3D-Printing

  • Contact

  • Teaching

  • Research

  • Publications

  • Conferences

  • Portfolio

Main contract

Professeur-e HES Ordinaire

Phone: +41 58 606 88 37

Desktop: ENP.23.N115

HES-SO Valais-Wallis - Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie
Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, CH
HEI - VS
Faculty
Technique et IT
Main Degree Programme
Systèmes industriels

Efraín Carreño-Morelli, Professor of Materials Technology, was born in 1966 in Córdoba (Argentina) and has the swiss, argentinian and italian citizenships. At the age of 15 he entered National University of Córdoba, from which he graduated in 1989 with a MSc in Physics. Then, he moved to the Atomic Centre of Bariloche to pursue a PhD Thesis on the subject "Metallurgical properties of Al-Mg-Si alloys subjected to neutron irradiation and thermomechanical treatments", which he submitted in 1994. In parallel with his studies of physics and materials science, he also followed courses of astronomy, medicine and philosophy. Working with the oil industry in Patagonia, he developed in 1994 a monitoring system to evaluate the operation condition of sucker rod pumps (pumpjacks) in oil wells, which was successfully tested and commercialized. Arriving at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne EPFL in 1995, he was a research assistant in the Physics Department, where he performed investigations on the processing and damping behaviour of metal matrix composites, dislocation dynamics in ordered intermetallic compounds, and anelastic properties of aluminium alloys. In 2000 he joined the Swiss Federal Institute of Materials Testing and Research EMPA in Thun, where he was a project manager in the development of metal matrix composites, with a special interest in the development of porous ceramic preforms by 3D-Printing.

Dr. Carreño-Morelli assumed in 2001 his present position with the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland in Sion. He currently teaches in several courses of materials science and engineering, including powder metallurgy, composites and ceramic materials. He has coached over 60 bachelor and master thesis. His research interests are in the fields of powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and processing of metal-ceramic composites. At the Institute of Systems Engineering, he has been responsible for setting-up the technologies of powder injection moulding for metals and ceramics, press and sintering, selective laser melting and binder jetting three dimensional printing.  He leads the Powder Technology and Advanced Materials Research Group since 2011. He is the author of over 100 refereed publications in international journals and conferences. He has filled 5 patent applications and holds 1 granted patent. He also serves as an external reviewer for several scientific journals. He is on the editorial board of the journals Papers in Physics and Powder Metallurgy Progress. He is a member of the European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA), the Professional Society for Powder Metallurgy (APMI International), the Swiss Innovation Booster Additive Manufacturing (IBAM), the SVMT Expert Group Powder Technology and the Argentinian Physics Association. Since 2010 he serves as a member of the Technical Program Committee (TPC) of the International Powder Metallurgy Congress EuroPM, as well as in the TPCs of the Powder Metallurgy World Congress WorldPM2016 and WorldPM2022. Since 2021 he is also in the TPC of the North American Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing conferences Powdermet-AMPM from the Metal Powder Industry Federation. In 2023 he has joined the organizing committee of the International Conference. on Advanced Manufaturing ASTM-ICAM.

He has made pioneering contributions in the processing of carbon nanotube - metal matrix composites, the injection moulding of titanium-niobium alloys and the 3D printing of nickel-free stainless steels. Among his major achievements are the powder injection moulding of titanium from titanium hydride, the net-shape processing of shape memory alloys, the additive manufacturing of fully dense hard metals and the invention of a novel variant of the three-dimensional printing technique: Solvent on Granules 3D Printing (SG-3DP).

BSc HES-SO en Systèmes industriels - HES-SO Valais-Wallis - Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie
  • Technologie des matériaux
  • Technologie des poudres
  • Matériaux Céramiques
  • Matériaux Hybrides
  • Fabrication additive - Techniques d'impression 3D
  • Technologie de Surfaces
MSc HES-SO en Engineering - HES-SO Master
  • Technologie des matériaux
  • Technologie des poudres
  • Metal and Ceramic Injection Moulding (MIM & CIM)
  • Ceramics and Metal-Ceramic Composites
  • Fabrication additive - Techniques d'impression 3D

Ongoing

AM-CNT-AL_Nanotube-reinforced aluminium alloy powder for additive manufacturing - 131.798 INNO-ENG
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: Innosuisse Chèques innovation

Description du projet : Development of novel composite powder for additive manufacturing of parts with high stiffness-toweight ratio for transportation and aerospace applications. Setting up of mixing conditions for uniform embedding carbon nanotubes in aluminium particles, and laser powder bed fusion of test parts

Research team within HES-SO: Girard Hervé , Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel

Partenaires académiques: VS - Institut Systèmes industriels

Durée du projet: 15.10.2025 - 15.10.2026

Montant global du projet: 13'876 CHF

Statut: Ongoing

Outils de coupe performants en cermets structurés par laser à impulsions ultra-courtes.

Role: Co-applicant

Description du projet :

.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Wälder Georg , Constantin Raymond

Durée du projet: 15.02.2021

Statut: Ongoing

Additive manufacturing of novel aluminum alloys - Innosuisse No 35906.1 IP-ENG

Role: Main Applicant

Description du projet :

The goal of this project is to develop a low cost novel aluminum alloy for additive manufacturing with good processability and enhanced mechanical properties.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Partenaires professionnels: Novelis Switzerland SA

Durée du projet: 01.12.2019

Statut: Ongoing

Additive Manufacturing of Cemented Carbide Parts - Innosuisse No 28800.1 IP-ENG

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: Innosuisse

Description du projet :

An inkjet printing technique will be developed for producing cemented carbide inserts for the construction industry. The goal of printing green parts, followed by debinding and sintering, is to enhance production flexibility and reduce lead times of innovative products, tailored to customer needs.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Partenaires professionnels: Hilti Corporation

Durée du projet: 27.10.2018

Statut: Ongoing

Completed

Impression 4D d'alliages superélastiques base Fer et base Cuivre
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: HES-SO Rectorat

Description du projet : Le prix élevé des poudres d'alliage à mémoire de forme et la sensibilité des propriétés des pièces imprimées à des variations de composition lors de la mise en 'uvre par fabrication additive, limitent actuellement leur développement et applications. Le projet 4DP-NEWSMA vise à apporter des solutions alternatives à cette problématique. Pour certains alliages à base de fer et de cuivre les propriétés à mémoire de forme ou de superélasticité sont très prometteurs dans ce contexte. En réunissant des compétences complémentaires en techniques de fabrication par impression des poudres métalliques (HEI-VS, Prof. Dr. E. Carreño-Morelli) et des compétences en nanosciences appliquées et analyses de matériaux pour l'optimisation de procédés de fabrication industriels ou préindustriels (HEIG-VD, Prof. Dr. S. Schintke), le projet 4DP-NEWSMA porte sur l'objectif suivant: Etablir la faisabilité de l'impression des nouveaux alliages des matériaux à mémoire de forme ou superélastiques à base de fer ou de cuivre, comme alternatif au Nitinol.

Research team within HES-SO: Girard Hervé , Schintke Silvia , Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Del Rossi Stefan , Meylan Ludovic , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel

Partenaires académiques: VS - Institut Systèmes industriels; COMATEC

Durée du projet: 02.02.2024 - 04.08.2025

Montant global du projet: 220'000 CHF

Statut: Completed

Electro Sinter Forging of Permanent Magnets

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: Innosuisse

Description du projet :

.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel

Partenaires professionnels: Zeller Andreas, EPoS Technologies SA

Durée du projet: 14.04.2023 - 14.10.2023

Montant global du projet: 15'000 CHF

Url of the project site: https://www.aramis.admin.ch/Grunddaten/?ProjectID=53203

Statut: Completed

Additive Manufacturing of Cemented Carbide Parts - Hilti AG - Contrat Innosuisse No 28800.1 IP-ENG
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: Hilti Corporation; Innosuisse

Description du projet : The Project Partners submitted an application for funding to implement their project "Additive Manufacturing of Cemented Carbide Parts" to the Contributor on 14.05.2018. The project has the following intention: An inkjet printing technique will be developed for producing cemented carbide inserts for the construction industry. The goal of printing green parts, followed by debinding and sintering, is to enhance production flexibility and reduce lead times of innovative products, tailored to customer needs. The application has been assessed by the Contributor and deemed eligible for a contribution. The Contributor has communicated the positive outcome of the assessment to the Project Partners in writing. The documents requested by the Contributor for submission before the conclusion of the Agreement were submitted before the Agreement was concluded. The Contracting Parties of this contractual relationship are the Contributor on the one hand and, on the other hand, all research and implementation partners involved in the project (hereinafter jointly referred to as "Project Partners"). The contributions are made directly to a research partner, who is referred to as the Recipient in this Agreement.

Research team within HES-SO: Girard Hervé , Gallay Steve , Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Lopes Almeida Manuel José , Cardoso Kevin , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel , Clivaz Cédric , Mabillard Eric

Partenaires académiques: VS - Institut Systèmes industriels

Durée du projet: 01.11.2018 - 31.07.2021

Montant global du projet: 360'517 CHF

Statut: Completed

Additive manufacturing of low thermal expansion silicon carbide parts

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: Swiss Space Center

Description du projet :

The goal of this project is to assess the feasibility of producing Silicon carbide, low thermal expansion parts by the 'Solvent on Granule Three Dimensional Printing Technique', which is an original development of HES-SO Valais already tested in a range of materials.
The field of application is the manufacturing of light weight, thermally stable and radiation resistant elements for high precision mechanisms and scientific instruments, in particular optics instruments subjected to severe environment conditions in Space, notably under harsh temperature.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Durée du projet: 04.06.2019 - 31.01.2020

Statut: Completed

Novel titanium alloys for cost-effective production of parts by powder metallurgy
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: Höganäs AB

Description du projet : The development work concerns production and investigations of different Ti-based alloying systems, in order to find a Ti-alloy suitable for compaction and sintering, and for MIM. The work will start with a comprehensive literature study to establish the state of art, and to find suitable alloying elements that might improve the possibility to use the alloy in PM applications. Alloys of interest will be produced by Höganäs AB, the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) or be purchased. Processing of parts and evaluation of the alloys in different applications will be performed at the HZG, the HES-SO Valais-Wallis, and at Höganäs.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel

Partenaires académiques: VS - Institut Systèmes industriels; Carreno-Morelli Efrain, VS - Institut Systèmes industriels

Durée du projet: 01.09.2015 - 31.12.2018

Montant global du projet: 26'850 CHF

Statut: Completed

Processing of low thermal expansion alloy parts by a novel three dimensional printing technique (3DP-lnvar)
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: Swiss Space Center EPFL

Description du projet : The goal of this project is to assess the feasibility of producing Invar (Fe-36Ni), low thermal expansion parts by the novel 'Solvent on Granule Three Dimensional Printing Technique', which has been recently developed at HES-SO Valais. The field of application is the manufacturing of light weight and thermallly stable structural elements for high precision mechanisms and scientific instruments to be flown in space, in particular optics instruments. Low coefficient of thermal expansion below 1 ppm/°C, reduced porosity and high sintered density, reduced contamination, good shape preservation and dimensional stability are among the target properties.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel

Partenaires académiques: VS - Institut Systèmes industriels; Carreno-Morelli Efrain, VS - Institut Systèmes industriels

Durée du projet: 01.06.2017 - 30.11.2017

Montant global du projet: 14'700 CHF

Statut: Completed

Moulage par injection de poudres métalliques à l'aide de liants biosourcés
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: HES-SO Rectorat

Description du projet : Le but de ce projet est de développer un nouveau procédé pour produire des pièces par moulage par injection de poudres métalliques, à l'aide de liants polymères biosourcés. Les domaines d'application sont l'horlogerie et l'industrie biomédicale. L'originalité du projet réside dans l'utilisation de liants écologiques pour le transport des poudres lors du moulage et pour conférer de la résistance aux corps verts. Ces liants sont retirés par la suite et ne sont donc pas présents dans les pièces frittées, qui sont faites de matériaux conventionnels. Donc, le projet ne concerne pas le développement de nouveaux matériaux mais un nouveau procédé de fabrication. Un avantage du moulage et du micromoulage des pièces net-shape est la quantité réduite de matière qui est nécessaire. Le caractère biodégradable des polymères naturels permet en plus de réduire l'impact sur l'environnement. Haute résistance à la corrosion et absence de ferromagnétisme sont d'une importance majeure dans les domaines d'application visés, Des poudres d'alliages de titane et d'acier inoxydable sans nickel seront utilisées. Les liants seront sélectionnés parmi des polymères générés par fermentation bactérienne, des gélatines d'origine végétale ou animale, de la cellulose, de l'amidon et d'autres polymères naturels. Leur capacité à conférer de la résistance aux corps verts et remplacer des liants conventionnels dérivés du pétrole sera établie. Des pièces de test seront produites et caractérisées. Des procédés récemment développés à la HES-SO Valais seront notamment utilisés: d'une part le moulage par injection d'alliages de titane à partir d'hydrures métalliques, d'autre part la biosynthèse de polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHAs) par fermentation bactérienne. La HEIA-FR contribuera dans la caractérisation, la sélection et la réutilisation des liants, plastifiants, surfactants et solvants. Le contrôle dimensionnel des pièces, l'analyse des défauts par tomographie, le bilan énergétique et l'évaluation des impacts environnementaux du procédé seront réalisés à l'HEPIA. En collaboration avec la Société Soprod SA, on produira pièce complexe des dimensions réduites pour mouvement de montre en quartz, qui permettra d'évaluer le potentiel et les limites des nouveaux feedstocks.

Research team within HES-SO: Girard Hervé , Dabros Michal , Micaux Fabrice , Zinn Manfred , Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Grand Pascal , Sthioul Hervé , Richard Jacques , Chappuis Thierry , Hanik Nils , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel

Partenaires académiques: VS - Institut Systèmes industriels; VS - Institut Sciences du vivant; hepia inSTI; FR - EIA - Institut ChemTech; Carreno-Morelli Efrain, VS - Institut Systèmes industriels

Durée du projet: 01.10.2015 - 30.11.2017

Montant global du projet: 133'000 CHF

Statut: Completed

Diamond-based cutting tools with incorporated dry lubricant - Innosuisse 14701.1;7 PFIW-IW

Role: Main Applicant

Description du projet :

Diamond cutting discs for construction materials with incorporated dry lubricant will be developed. The lubricant is expected to reduce friction and consequently improve the cutting performance and decrease the power consumption. The segments will be produced by uniaxial compaction of metal powder, diamond, and lubricant mixtures, followed by high temperature sintering. Dry lubricants with different composition, morphology, size, and volume fraction will be employed. The performance of the discs made with the segments will be assessed by cutting tests.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Durée du projet: 01.01.2013 - 26.05.2015

Statut: Completed

Casting simulation for next generation nozzle guide vane production - Innosuisse 10674.1;8 PFIW-IW

Role: Main Applicant

Description du projet :

The main objective is the creation of advanced modeling capabilities for the production of next generation nozzle guide vanes (NGV). The project is an essential part of the proposed ERANET MATERA+ VANCAST project (part of the European FP7 program). In this project the modeling of mold filling, solidification, residual stress, microstructure and defect evolution during equiaxed casting processes will be further developed and improved, based upon experiments.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Durée du projet: 11.11.2010 - 23.12.2014

Statut: Completed

Composants ferromagnétiques fabriqués par pressage uniaxial de poudres SMC (soft magnetic composites)
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: HES-SO Rectorat

Description du projet : Le but de ce projet est la fabrication des composants ferromagnétiques doux à partir des poudres métalliques enrobées d'une couche isolante. La mise en forme se fait par pressage uniaxial suivi d'un traitement thermique à basse température (sans frittage). Le noyau conducteur des grains reste isolé et la résistivité électrique augmente, ce qui permet de réduire les pertes par courants de Foucault. Le procédé est de grand intérêt du point de vue énergétique, car le rendement peut être augmenté dans un grand nombre d'applications, en particulier dans les moteurs électriques.

Research team within HES-SO: Ottonin Cyril , Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Germanier Alain , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel , Herzog Raoul , Mabillard Eric

Partenaires académiques: IAI; VS - Institut Systèmes industriels; Carreno-Morelli Efrain, VS - Institut Systèmes industriels

Durée du projet: 01.04.2013 - 15.09.2014

Montant global du projet: 60'000 CHF

Statut: Completed

Moulage par injection de pièces poreuses à partir de feedstocks contenant des additifs formateurs de pores
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: HES-SO Rectorat

Description du projet : Le but de ce projet est le développement des matériaux poreux pour implants par moulage par injection des poudres (PIM). Biocompatibilité, bon accrochage et module d'élasticité comparable à l'os sont requis pour les implants permanents, pour des raisons de fonctionnalité et sécurité, ainsi que pour limiter les opérations de remplacement. Des implants en titane ou zircone poreux produits par technologie PIM peuvent satisfaire ces exigences, pourvu que le taux de porosité et la taille des pores soient appropriés pour une croissance rapide des tissus dans l'implant. À cet effet, des nouveaux feedstocks contenant des additifs formateurs de pores seront développés, pour une porosité ouverte entre 30% et 60% avec des pores de taille comprise entre 50um et 500um.

Research team within HES-SO: Girard Hervé , Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel

Partenaires académiques: VS - Institut Systèmes industriels; Carreno-Morelli Efrain, VS - Institut Systèmes industriels

Durée du projet: 01.03.2012 - 28.02.2013

Montant global du projet: 30'000 CHF

Statut: Completed

Novel feedstock for metal injection molding
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: GKN Sinter Metals

Description du projet : Agar-based feedstock for MIM of big parts

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel , Mabillard Eric

Partenaires académiques: HES-SO Valais-Wallis

Durée du projet: 01.08.2006 - 05.03.2009

Montant global du projet: 155'000 CHF

Statut: Completed

CTI 5990.3 Carbon Nanotube Composites
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: EPFL

Description du projet : The present project aims at developing composite materials, in which the reinforcements are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the matrices aluminum or magnesium alloys. Because of the very high Young modulus (~ 1000 GPa) of the CNTs associated with their high flexibility, the nano-structured composites could exhibit excellent elastic and anelastic properties. Applications of such materials may be found in microtechnics and space industry, where components of high rigidity associated with a high internal damping are needed. Moreover, because of their good hydrogen adsorption ability, CNTs associated with magnesium can be interesting materials for hydrogen storage.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Partenaires académiques: HES-SO Valais-Wallis; Carreño-Morelli Efrain, HES-SO Valais-Wallis

Durée du projet: 01.11.2002 - 31.12.2008

Montant global du projet: 45'260 CHF

Statut: Completed

SED - Stockage d'hydrogène
AGP

Role: Collaborator

Requérant(e)s: HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Bidaux Jacques-Eric, HES-SO Valais-Wallis

Financement: HEVs

Description du projet : Stockage d'hydrogène sur hydrures métalliques ou nanotubes de carbone

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Partenaires académiques: HES-SO Valais-Wallis; Bidaux Jacques-Eric, HES-SO Valais-Wallis

Durée du projet: 01.11.2005 - 31.12.2007

Montant global du projet: 204'000 CHF

Statut: Completed

Capteurs de pression produits par déposition des couches épaisses sur substrat métallique
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: CTI; Huba Control AG

Description du projet : Les capteurs de force et de pression basés sur la technologie des couches épaisses déposées sur céramique occupent une part de marché importante en raison de leur bas coût de production (industries automobile, frigorifique et chimique). Cependant, leurs applications restent limitées en raison du joint polymère nécessaire à l'étanchéité. Ce projet vise à développer des corps de capteur en acier et la technologie des couches épaisses appropriée pour la fabrication des capteurs de haute fiabilité pouvant être assemblés par soudage.

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Knupfer Pierre-André , Mabillard Eric

Partenaires académiques: Partenaire indéfini; HES-SO Valais-Wallis; EPFL; Berner Fachhochschule; Carreño-Morelli Efrain, HES-SO Valais-Wallis

Durée du projet: 01.10.2004 - 31.05.2006

Montant global du projet: 563'894 CHF

Statut: Completed

DSLP - Déposition sélective de liant sur des poudres
AGP

Role: Main Applicant

Financement: HES-SO Valais-Wallis; HES-SO Rectorat

Description du projet : Etude de faisabilité d'un procédé génératif qui consiste à déposer un liant sélectivement pour joindre des particules de poudre et construire un objet couche par couche. Le corps vert ainsi obtenu est soumis à un déliantage suivi d'un frittage. Les matériaux de base comprennent des liants polymères, des poudres métalliques élémentaires ou pré-alliées base Fe, Cu, Al, et des poudres céramiques à base de zircone ou d'alumine. La maîtrise de ce nouveau procédé de mise en forme sans moule offre un potentiel important pour la construction des pièces de géométrie complexe qui ne sont pas réalisables par les méthodes conventionnelles. Etapes du projet : - mise au point d'une buse pour la déposition du liant - mise en route d'un système expérimental de déposition de liant sur des poudres - développement des systèmes poudre-liant pour la réalisation des corps verts - établissement des étapes de déliantage et frittage nécessaires pour la consolidation des pièces métalliques et céramiques

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Knupfer Pierre-André , Mabillard Eric

Partenaires académiques: VS - Institut Systèmes industriels; Carreño-Morelli Efrain, VS - Institut Systèmes industriels

Durée du projet: 01.10.2003 - 30.08.2005

Montant global du projet: 127'607 CHF

Statut: Completed

Injection de poudres métalliques et céramiques
AGP

Role: Collaborator

Financement: HES-SO Valais-Wallis; FR - Ecole d'ingénieurs de Fribourg

Description du projet : Injection de poudres métalliques et céramiques (méthode PIM)

Research team within HES-SO: Carreno-Morelli Efrain , Costa Christian , Grand Pascal

Durée du projet: 01.08.1999 - 31.01.2001

Montant global du projet: 192'600 CHF

Statut: Completed

2026

over 100 peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conference proceedings, 5 patent applications, 1 granted patent
Scientific paper

Carreno-Morelli Efrain

please refer to ResearchGate and ORCID links in the top of the page, 2026

2025

Yield of cyclic vs heat-and-hold induction sintering on the mechanical behaviour of the low-cost Ti-5Fe alloy
Scientific paper ArODES

Leandro Bolzoni, Vincent Roduit, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Fei Yang, Stella Raynova

Materials Science and Engineering: A,  2025, 931, 148235

Link to the publication

Summary:

The high cost of Ti alloys is hindering their industrial implementation and, therefore, the quest for low-cost Ti alloys entails lowering the intrinsic cost using cheaper alloying elements and developing more efficient manufacturing methods. In this study, the yield of manufacturing the novel low-cost Ti-5Fe alloy via heat-and-hold and cyclic induction sintering around the allotropic α→β phase transformation was compared as the latter is expected to enhance densification. It is demonstrated that induction sintering is extremely efficient due to its characteristic high heating rates and simultaneously permits to obtain homogenous chemical compositions at low homologous sintering temperatures. Cyclic sintering yields faster sintering kinetics, which results in higher densification with respect to heat-and-hold, achieving uniform residual porosity distributions within the microstructure, comparable relative density, and on average smaller and more spherical pores. Consequently, higher strength but not necessarily higher ductility is obtained for the cyclic sintered Ti-5Fe alloy as the failure mode entails crack propagation through irregularly shaped pores.

2023

High-oxygen MIM Ti-6Al-7Nb :
Scientific paper ArODES
microstructure, tensile and fatigue properties

Alexandra Amherd Hidalgo, Thomas Ebel, Robert Frykholm, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Florian Pyczak

Materials Today Communications,  34, 104982

Link to the publication

Summary:

The intention to make cost-effective titanium parts by powder metallurgy (PM) is a challenge. The oxygen content in PM titanium alloys depends on the powder production method used and increases during handling and sintering of powders. This paper contributes to understand the influence of oxygen on tensile and high cycle fatigue (HCF) properties of Ti‐6Al‐7Nb processed by MIM. It was confirmed that oxygen could purposely be used as a potent strengthener. However, special attention has to be paid if using an excessive amount of oxygen that might cause a dramatic drop of ductility due to deformation mode changes and evolution of non-equilibrium microstructures. It has been determined that such a non-equilibrium microstructure contributes to strengthening and loss of ductility and it can be controlled using an optimised cooling rate during the sintering cycle. Moreover, it was found that oxygen produces a progressive reduction of HCF properties. In summary, this study validates the tolerance of MIM α + β titanium alloys to certain amounts of oxygen content in relation to the mechanical properties.

2022

Fused filament fabrication of stainless steel structures - from binder development to sintered properties
Scientific paper ArODES

Marius A. Wagner, Amir Hadian, Tutu Sebastien, Frank Clemens, Thomas Schweizer, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Ralph Spolenak

Additive Manufacturing,  2022, vol. 49, article no. 102472

Link to the publication

Summary:

Additive manufacturing of metals by 3D printing of polymeric filaments containing high loading of metal powder, subsequent debinding, and sintering offers a potent alternative to the widespread beam-based processes. The polymeric binder is the decisive component for a successful fabrication process. This study presents the development of a multi-component binder system for filament-based 3D printing of 316 L stainless steel in various optimization steps. The binder contains a polyethylene (PE) backbone, which ensures the structural integrity during solvent debinding. A soluble binder component consisting of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) and a second PE is used, to reduce the polymer content via solvent extraction prior to thermal debinding. The TPE grants flexibility to the filaments, while the PE allows reduction of the viscosity and increase in stiffness and strength. This enables precise tuning of the rheological and mechanical properties of the filaments. The capabilities of the binder system developed, are demonstrated by the fabrication of 3D plate-lattices. The structures are printed, subjected to a two-step solvent – thermal debinding procedure, and finally sintered. In the compression tests the structures are able to undergo large plastic deformations without fracture, highlighting their potential for energy absorption applications. The main contribution of this work is the development and disclosure of a binder system with two types of soluble polymers. This allows the precise control of the mechanical and rheological properties, as well as the backbone fraction of the binder. Based on the characterization performed, the binder system can be easily modified to adapt for other solid loading materials and fractions, as parameters like stiffness, viscosity, or backbone content can be adjusted precisely.

2021

A comparative study of cemented carbide parts produced by solvent on granules 3D-printing (SG-3DP) versus press and sinter
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, P. Alveen, S. Moseley, Mikel Rodriguez-Arbaizar, Kevin Cardoso

International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,  2021, vol. 97, article no. 105515

Link to the publication

Summary:

Cemented carbide parts have been manufactured from WC-12Co granules by “Solvent on Granules 3D-Printing” and compared with reference parts produced by conventional press and sintering. SG-3DP consists in growing a green part layer-by-layer by selective solvent jetting on powder-polymer granule beds. Both 3D printed green parts and uniaxially pressed compacts have been consolidated by thermal debinding and liquid phase sintering. Further densification has been achieved by hot isostatic pressing. 3D-printed parts subjected to hot isostatic pressing exhibit 99.9% of theoretical density, 1308 ± 10 HV30 hardness and 12.1 ± 0.3 MPa∙m½ indentation toughness, which are comparable to properties of a commercial fine grained WC-12Co. Percussion drilling tests with fully dense SG-3DP drill plates have also been carried out successfully on concrete.

2020

Three-dimensional printing of hard materials
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Patricia Alveen, Steven Moseley, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Kevin Cardoso

International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,  2020, vol. 87, article no. 105110

Link to the publication

Summary:

Tungsten cemented carbide parts have been produced by the “Solvent on Granule” 3D-Printing technique. It consists in growing layer-by-layer a green part by spreading a powder-polymer granule bed, followed by selective solvent jetting, and layer consolidation after solvent evaporation. The granules are prepared by wet blending, drying, milling and sieving to appropriate size range. The printed green parts are consolidated by thermal debinding and liquid phase sintering. Fully dense WC-Co test parts and a drill bit have been produced from presintered powder and elementary Co powder. The microstructures are equivalent to those of press and sintered parts. Good shape retention and tolerances are achieved.

2017

MIM of nickel-free nitrogen strengthened austenitic stainless steel from bipolymer based feedstock
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Manfred Zinn, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard, Monica Bassas-Galia, Thierry Chappuis, Jacques Richard

Powder Injection Moulding International,  2017, vol. 11, no. 4

Link to the publication

Summary:

Nickel-free stainless steels are of high interest for medical and dental applications, as well as consumer goods where contact with the skin is a consideration. In this paper Prof Efraín Carreño-Morelli and colleagues from the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland evaluate the MIM processing of the high-nitrogen content austenitic stainless steel P558. This is processed using a novel environmentally friendly binder that incorporates a polymer produced by bacterial fermentation.

Sintering optimisation of Fe–Si soft magnetic materials processed by metal injection moulding
Scientific paper ArODES

A. Páez-Pavòn, A. Jiménez-Morales, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, J. M. Torralba

Powder Metallurgy,  2017, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 112-119

Link to the publication

Summary:

Soft magnetic materials are used in a wide variety of electromagnetic devices such as motors, relays and sensors. Over the years, the devices are becoming smaller. Therefore, it is essential to produce small parts without compromising the final properties. Metal injection moulding (MIM) is a cost-effective technique to produce small and complex soft magnetic parts with optimal mechanical and magnetic performance. These properties can be improved by maximising the sintered density and by the reduction of impurities content. These factors are strongly related to the sintering parameters. The goal of this study is to determine the influence of the sintering parameters on the final properties of iron–silicon soft magnetic alloys processed by metal injection moulding. In this work, two alloys were sintered under different conditions. The effect of the sintering conditions on both mechanical and magnetic properties was evaluated.

2016

Metal injection moulding of superelastic TiNi parts
Scientific paper ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, Hervé Girard, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Lionel Reynard, Jacques Chevallier, François Aeby, Jean Charles Giachetto, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Key Engineering Materials,  2016, vol. 704, pp. 173-182

Link to the publication

Summary:

TiNi shape-memory properties are successfully used today for the fabrication of various technical devices. The limited machinability and high cost of TiNi encourage the use of near-net shape production techniques such as metal injection moulding. In this work TiNi alloys tensile test specimens are produced by metal injection moulding from pre-alloyed powders. A binder based on a mixture of polyethylene, paraffin wax and stearic acid is used. Parts with a density of about 96.6% of theoretical density are obtained. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX measurements reveals a microstructure consisting of a TiNi matrix with small Ti4Ni2Ox and TiC inclusions. DSC and X-ray diffraction observations indicate the presence of additional Ni4Ti3 precipitates. The parts exhibit full superelasticity at room temperature even for strains of up to 4%, without the need for additional thermal post-treatments. Ultimate tensile strengths up to 980 MPa are obtained.

Nickel-free P558 stainless steel processed from metal powder – PHA biopolymer feedstocks
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Manfred Zinn, Mikel Rodriguez-Abraizar, Monica Bassas

European Cells and Materials,  2016, vol. 32, suppl. 2, p. 32

Link to the publication

2014

Low elastic modulus Ti–17Nb processed by powder injection moulding and post-sintering heat treatments
Scientific paper ArODES

Jacques E. Bidaux, Richard Pasquier, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Powder Metallurgy,  2014, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 320-323

Link to the publication

Summary:

Ti–Nb alloys are attractive as biomaterials because of their excellent combination of low elastic modulus, high strength, corrosion resistance and enhanced biocompatibility. The effect of a post-sintering quenching treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of powder injection moulded Ti–17Nb has been investigated. Tensile test specimens were produced using a feedstock based on blended elemental powders, some of which were solution-treated in the β phase field and water quenched. Both as-sintered and quenched alloys had densities 95·5% of theoretical. The as-sintered material showed an α−β structure, whereas after quenching a fully martensitic α″ structure was obtained. The modulus of elasticity of the water-quenched alloy (∼45 GPa) was about 40% lower than that of the as-sintered alloy (∼76 GPa).

Investment casting of nozzle guide vanes from nickel-based superalloys :
Scientific paper ArODES
part II – grain structure prediction

Agustin Jose Torroba, Ole Koeser, Loic Calba, Laura Maestro, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mehdi Rahimian, Srdjan Milenkovic, Ilchat Sabirov, javier Llorca

Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation,  2014, vol. 3, pp. 369-384

Link to the publication

Summary:

The control of grain structure, which develops during solidification processes in investment casting of nozzle guide vanes (NGVs), is a key issue for optimization of their mechanical properties. The main objective of this part of the work was to develop a simulation tool for predicting grain structure in the new generation NGVs made from MAR-M247 Ni-based superalloy. A cellular automata - finite element (CAFE) module is employed to predict the three-dimensional (3D) grain structure in the as-cast NGV. The grain structure in the critical sections of the experimentally cast NGV is carefully analyzed, the experimental results are compared with the modeling outcomes, and the model is calibrated via tuning parameters which govern grain nucleation and growth. The grain structures predicted by the calibrated model show a very good accordance with the real ones observed in the critical sections of the as-cast NGV. It is demonstrated that the calibrated CAFE model is a reliable tool for the foundry industry to predict grain structure of the as-cast NGVs with very high accuracy.

Investment casting of nozzle guide vanes from nickel-based superalloys :
Scientific paper ArODES
part I – thermal calibration and porosity prediction

Agustin Jose Torroba, Ole Koeser, Loic Calba, Laura Maestro, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mehdi Rahimian, Srdjan Milenkovic, Ilchat Sabirov

Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation,  2014, vol. 3, pp. 344-368

Link to the publication

Summary:

Investment casting is the only commercially used technique for fabrication of nozzle guide vanes (NGVs), which are one of the most important structural parts of gas turbines. Manufacturing of NGVs has always been a challenging task due to their complex shape. This work focuses on development of a simulation tool for investment casting of a new generation NGV from MAR-M247 Ni-based superalloy. A thermal model is developed to predict thermal history during investment casting. Experimental casting trials of the NGV are carried out and the thermal history of metal, mold, and insulation wrap is recorded. Inverse modeling of the casting trials is used to define accurately some thermophysical parameters and boundary conditions of the thermal model. Based on the validated thermal model, another model is developed to predict porosity in the as-cast NGVs. The porosity predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results in the as-cast NGVs. The advantages and shortcomings of the developed modeling tool are discussed.

Porous titanium processed by powder injection moulding of titanium hydride and space holders
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Alexandra Amherd HIdalgo, Jacques-Eric Bidaux

Powder Metallurgy,  2014, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 93-96

Link to the publication

Summary:

Biocompatibility, bone-like mechanical properties, and good bone-to-implant anchorage are current requirements for permanent implants. Porous titanium can satisfy these requirements provided that sufficient porosity, large enough pores and interconnections allowing bone ingrowth can reliably be obtained with controlled processes. In the present work, porous parts are processed from titanium hydride based feedstocks containing space holders. Two formulations have been developed: a feedstock with a polyethyleneglycol based binder and NaCl space holders, and a feedstock with a paraffin based binder and PMMA space holders. Depending on the sintering conditions, porosity levels between 30 and 60% and open porosity between 10 and 40% are obtained, with pore sizes in the range 50–500 μm. The microstructure, porosity and mechanical properties of porous titanium sintered at various temperatures have been characterised by scanning electron microscopy and compression tests.

Production of titanium grade 4 components by powder injection moulding of titanium hydride
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Jacques-Eric Bidaux, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard

Powder Metallurgy,  2014, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 89-92

Link to the publication

Summary:

Recent developments are presented on powder injection moulding of titanium from metal hydride powders and binders composed of polyethylene, paraffin wax and stearic acid. The feasibility of using this route to process fit for purpose, complex parts is assessed. Titanium hydride offers a low cost solution compared with pure titanium powders. Feedstocks for powder injection moulding were prepared in a sigma mixer. Tensile test specimens and demonstration parts were injection moulded. Solvent debinding in heptane was followed by thermal debinding and dehydrogenation under argon. Titanium parts were sintered at 1200°C under argon. Sintered parts exhibit a linear shrinkage of about 20%, good shape preservation and reproducibility. The yield strength (519 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (666 MPa), elongation to fracture (15%) and interstitial content measured by quantitative analysis meet the requirements for titanium grade 4.

2013

Metal injection moulding of low modulus Ti–Nb alloys for biomedical applications
Scientific paper ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, C. Closuit, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Daniel Zufferey, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Powder Metallurgy,  2013, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 263-266

Link to the publication

Summary:

Titanium alloys containing β stabilising elements such as Nb, Zr and Ta are particularly promising as implant materials because of their excellent combination of low modulus, high strength, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. A low elastic modulus is important for implants to avoid stress shielding and associated bone resorption. The difficulty of producing complex shapes of these alloys by conventional methods makes metal injection moulding (MIM) attractive. Ti–17Nb alloy parts with densities 94% of theoretical have been produced by MIM of a feedstock based on blended elemental powders. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a typical α−β Widmanstätten microstructure with a precipitated α phase layer along the grain boundaries. The parts exhibit an ultimate tensile strength of 768 MPa and a plastic elongation of over 5%. The modulus of elasticity, about 84 GPa, is more than 20% lower than that of cp Ti and Ti–6Al–4V.

Opportunities and limits of in vitro cytotoxicity test methods exemplified by powder metallurgy titanium alloys
Scientific paper ArODES

M. Pusnik, A. Bruinink, Mikel Rodriguez Abraizar, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Manfred Zinn

Europen Cells and Materials,  2013, vol. 26, supp. 4, p. 44

Link to the publication

Porous titanium by powder injection moulding of titanium hydride and PMMA space holders
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Daniel Zufferey, Alejandro Várez, Jacques-Eric Bidaux

European cells and materials,  2013, vol. 26, suppl. no. 4, p. 16

Link to the publication

Summary:

Porous titanium is used as implant material because of its high specific strength, bone-like stiffness, biocompatibility and good bone cell ingrowth provided that the open pores have sizes between 100 μm and 500μm. Powder metallurgy has been successfully used to produce titanium foams by using the space holder method. Recently, Ti grade 4 has been obtained by powder injection moulding (PIM) of titanium hydride, which is cheaper and less reactive than pure titanium. The feasibility of a novel route combining TiH2 and space holders to produce porous titanium is explored in this work.

Opportunities and limits of in vitro cytotoxicity test methods exemplified by powder metallurgy titanium alloys
Scientific paper ArODES

Mascha Pusnik, Arie Bruinink, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Manfred Zinn

European cells and materials,  2013, vol. 26, suppl. no. 4, p. 44

Link to the publication

Summary:

Testing for in vitro cytotoxicity aims at obtaining data for a test material from simplified in vitro systems that can be used to make a prognosis for a key step within the processes occurring after implantation in the human body. Depending on the application of the test specimens, one can choose from a number of different assays to assess its bioacceptance in terms of absence of cytotoxicity. While guidelines (e.g. ISO, ASTM) describe a number of mandatory test procedures for official approval, additional tests have to be performed to properly evaluate the in vitro effects of test specimen on cells. In this work we evaluate for the bioacceptance of different Ti alloys by two different assays; the agar overlay test and the extraction test, both described by the ISO 10993-5 guidelines. Opportunities and limits of cytotoxicity testing based on these and other methods are discussed.

2012

Processing of a low modulus Ti-Nb biomaterial by metal injection moulding (MIM)
Professional paper ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, C. Closuit, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, D. Zufferey, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Powder Injection Moulding International,  2012, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 70-73

Link to the publication

Summary:

Ti alloys containing β stabilising elements such as Nb, Zr and Ta are particularly promising as implant materials because of their excellent combination of low modulus, high strength, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. A low elastic modulus is important for implants to avoid stress shielding and associated bone resorption. The difficulty of producing complex shapes of these alloys by conventional methods makes Metal Injection Moulding attractive. In this work, Ti-17Nb alloy parts with densities of 94% of theoretical density have been produced by metal injection moulding of a feedstock based on blended elemental powders. Scanning electron microscopy reveals a typical α-β Widmanstätten microstructure with a precipitated α phase layer along the grain boundaries. The parts exhibit an ultimate tensile strength of 768 MPa and a plastic elongation of over 5%. The modulus of elasticity, about 84 GPa, is more than 20% lower than that of CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V.

2011

Net-shape titanium grade 4 parts processed from titanium hydride powders
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard, H. Hamdan, Jacques-Eric Bidaux

European cells and materials,  2011, vol. 22, suppl. 4, p. 33

Link to the publication

Metal injection moulding of Ti-Nb alloys for implant application
Scientific paper ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, C. Closuit, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

European cells and materials,  2011, vol. 22, suppl. 4, p. 32

Link to the publication

Nano-silicon carbide reinforced aluminium produced by high-energy milling and hot consolidation
Scientific paper ArODES

L. Kollo, C. R. Bradbury, R. Veinthal, C. Jäggi, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, M. Leparoux

Materials Science and Engineering:,  2011, vol. 528, no. 21, pp. 6606-6615

Link to the publication

Summary:

High-energy milling was studied for the ex situ strengthening of aluminium with silicon carbide (SiC) nanopowders. Heptane was used as a milling agent for both planetary- and attritor ball milling. Considering the different milling techniques and the differences in the resulting powders, effective dispersion of the nano SiC was achieved. Composite samples compacted by hot pressing showed an increase in hardness (HV20 = 220) and a decrease in Al crystallite size from 220 to 55 nm with the nano-SiC content increasing from 1 up to 20 vol.%. The ultimate tensile strength was measured for extruded samples which resulted in 205 MPa (17% elongation) for 1 vol.% of nano-SiC and a strength of 420 MPa (4% elongation) for 10 vol.% of nano-SiC reinforcement. The mechanical properties were compared with what was predicted by the Hall–Petch relationship.

2010

Titanium parts by powder injection moulding of TiH2-based feedstocks
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, William Krstev, B. Romeira, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard, Jacques-Eric Bidaux, S. Zachmann

Powder injection moulding international,  2010, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 60-63

Link to the publication

Summary:

Titanium parts have been processed from feedstocks composed of titanium hydride powders, low density polyethylene, paraffin wax and stearic acid. A two-step debinding process has been used, which consists of solvent debinding in heptane at 50°C followed by thermal debinding at 500°C. Sintering was performed at 1200°C. Both thermal debinding and sintering were performed under a protective atmosphere in a MIM furnace equipped with molybdenum heating elements and a debinding retort. Special care in powder handling, feedstock preparation, debinding and sintering atmospheres, allowed to limit the residual oxygen, nitrogen and carbon contents, which were determined by quantitative analysis. The mechanical properties of net‑shape sintered parts were measured by tensile tests. A tensile strength of 580 MPa and an elongation of 1.8% were obtained. Experimental watch bracelet segments were injection moulded, showing good shape preservation and reproducibility.

Hydrogen storage properties of as-synthesized and severely deformed magnesium – multiwall carbon nanotubes composite
Scientific paper ArODES

Vladimir M. Skripnyuk, Eugen Rabkin, Leonid A. Bendersky, Arnaud Magrez, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Yuri Estrin

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,  2010, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 5471-5478

Link to the publication

Summary:

We prepared a Mg-2 mass % multiwall carbon nanotubes composite employing a powder metallurgy technique. The kinetics of hydrogen absorption/desorption of the as-synthesized composite was much faster than that of reference samples of pure Mg. The pressure-composition isotherm (measured at 300 °C) of the as-synthesized composite exhibited no measurable pressure hysteresis, with the equilibrium hydrogen pressures in the plateau region being higher than those of pure Mg by a factor of up to 1.8. Equal channel angular pressing of the as-synthesized composite led to a slow down of the absorption/desorption processes at the initial stages of the processes, and to their acceleration at the later stages. We suggested that the mechanism responsible for the good kinetic performance of the as-synthesized composite was fast diffusion of hydrogen through the cores of carbon nanotubes. We put forward a hypothesis relating the increase in equilibrium hydrogen pressure in the as-synthesized composite to the elastic constraints imposed by carbon nanotubes on the Mg matrix.

Investigation of planetary milling for nano-silicon carbide reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites
Scientific paper ArODES

Lauri Kollo, Marc Leparoux, Christopher R. Bradbury, Christian Jäggi, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar

Journal of Alloys and Compounds,  2010, vol. 489, no. 2, pp. 394-400

Link to the publication

Summary:

High-energy planetary milling was used for mixing aluminium powders with 1 vol.% of silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles. A number of milling parameters were modified for constituting the relationship between the energy input from the balls and the hardness of the bulk nanocomposite materials. It was shown that mixing characteristics and reaction kinetics with stearic acid as process control agent can be estimated by normalised input energy from the milling bodies. For this, the additional parameter characterising the vial filling was determined experimentally. Depending on the ball size, a local minimum in filling parameter was found, laying at 25 or 42% filling of the vial volume for the balls with diameter of 10 and 20 mm, respectively. These regions should be avoided to achieve the highest milling efficiency.After a hot compaction, fourfold difference of hardness for different milling conditions was detected. Therewith the hardness of the Al–1 vol.% nanoSiC composite could be increased from 47 HV0.5 of pure aluminium to 163 HV0.5 when milling at the highest input energy levels.

2009

Break the mould
Professional paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Medical device developments,  2009, vol. 2, pp. 57-59

Link to the publication

Summary:

Powder injection moulding combines flexible design with the strength of metals. Safety is key in medical devices, so corrosion-resistant and biocompatible materials such as titanium are ideal. Metal and ceramic injection moulding techniques are expected to see growth over the next few years.

2008

Three-dimensional printing of stainless steel parts
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Sebastien Martinerie, Lisa Mucks, B. Cardis

Materials Science Forum,  2008, vol. 591-593, pp. 374-379

Link to the publication

Summary:

Stainless steel parts have been manufactured by two different layer by layer additive processes. The first one is a standard three dimensional process, in which metal powders are bound by selective deposition of binder with a printer head. The second one is a novel process, which is based on the selective deposition of a solvent on metal-polymer granule beds. The microstructures of green and sintered parts are characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, and the mechanical properties evaluated by hardness and tensile tests. Solvent on granule printing allows to reach mechanical properties similar to those of metal injection moulding parts.

Powder injection moulding of NiTi shape memory materials
Scientific paper ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, A. Jochem, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Powder injection moulding international,  2008, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 59-62

Link to the publication

Summary:

NiTi parts have been produced by a new powder injection moulding route using a feedstock consisting of elemental TiH2 and Ni powder blended with an organic binder. The microstructure has been characterised by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The sintered parts are porous except a dense surface layer. The bulk is NiTi with some Ti-rich domains. The surface layer is mostly NiTi with a dispersion of Ni-rich phases and some oxides and carbides. The presence of a martensitic transformation in the temperature range above room temperature has been shown by differential scanning calorimetry. Shape memory effects of more than 4% have been achieved.

2007

Three-dimensional printing of shape memory alloys
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Sebastien Martinerie, Jacques-Eric Bidaux

Materials Science Forum,  2007, vol. 534-536, pp. 477-480

Link to the publication

Summary:

A novel variant of the three-dimensional printing technique has been developed and used to manufacture NiTi parts. Instead of metal powder the process uses granules, which consist of a mixture of metal powder and organic binder. These granules are spread on a working table. Then a solvent is dispensed with a printer head to consolidate a selected area of the granule bed and the table is moved down. The "solvent on granule" printing process is repeated until a threedimensional green body is obtained. The green part is finally debinded and sintered to obtain a dense and fully metallic part. NiTi parts have been successfully produced by this technique with densities of about 95% of the theoretical density. Detailed information on the microstructure has been obtained by X ray diffraction. Sintered parts exhibit shape memory effect, which has been measured during thermal cycling under tensile stress.

2006

Carbon nanotubes :
Book chapter ArODES
metal matrix composites

Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Dans Contescu, Cristian I., Lyshevski, Sergey Edward, Schwarz, James A., Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology  (9 p.). 2006,  Boca Raton, FL, USA : CRC Press

Link to the publication

Summary:

High elastic modulus and very low density make carbon nanotubes excellent candidates for use as reinforcements in composite materials. Lightweight, high strength and stiffness, enhanced hardness and enhanced electrical properties are among the drivers for the development of metal-nanotube composites. Unlike nanotube reinforced polymer- and ceramic-matrix composites, the manufacturing of bulk metal-matrix composites has been the subject of a reduced number of studies, and remains a great challenge involving the expertise of materials scientists. Until now, most of the classical processing techniques have failed in obtaining acceptable results, an exception being the powder metallurgy route. Uniform dispersion of nanotubes in the metal matrix and high nanotube-metal interfacial strength are among the main issues to be solved. This chapter outlines the recent advances in the field.

2005

Carbon nanotube / light-metal composites
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, N. Schmidt, Robert Schaller, Laszlo Forro

TMS letters,  2005, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 119-120

Link to the publication

Summary:

Novel light metal matrix composites have been processed by powder metallurgy. The feasibility of manufacturing magnesium- and aluminum-based composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes has been assessed. Blends of metal powders and CVD processed multi-wall carbon nanotubes were compacted by hot pressing followed by hot isostatic pressing. Sintering conditions were found, which allowed to obtain bulk specimens with sound mechanical properties.

2004

Carbon nanotube/magnesium composites
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Jian Yang, E. Couteau, K. Hernadi, J. W. Seo, C. Bonjour, L. Forró, Robert Schaller

physica status solidi (a),  2004, vol. 201, no. 8, pp. R53-R55

Link to the publication

Summary:

Novel magnesium matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes have been processed by powder metallurgy. Blends of metal powders and multi-wall carbon nanotubes were compacted by uniaxial hot pressing followed by hot isostatic pressing. A uniform dispersion of nanotubes in the metal matrix was obtained. A coating method of nanotubes is described, which is promising to improve the matrix-reinforcement bonding strength.

High performance very low frequency forced pendulum
Scientific paper ArODES

I. Gutiérrez-Urrutia, M. L. Nó, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, B. Guisolan, R. Schaller, J. San Juan

Materials Science and Engineering: A,  2004, vol. 370, no. 1-2, pp. 435-439

Link to the publication

Summary:

A forced torsion pendulum has been constructed for the measurement of mechanical loss angle (tan δ) and elastic shear modulus in three different modes: (a) as a function of temperature (80–1250 K), at imposed frequency, during heating or cooling at imposed heating or cooling rate (0.1–5 K/min); (b) as a function of frequency (10–10−4 Hz) in isothermal conditions, and (c) as a function of amplitude (5×10−6 to 5×10−5) at imposed frequency and under isothermal conditions. The mechanical part of the pendulum has been designed in such a way that torsional plastic deformation of the specimen can be performed in situ, i.e., at low temperatures to generate fresh dislocations in metals, and at high temperatures to enhance grain boundary sliding, for instance. The whole installation is computer controlled and exhibits not only outstanding performances but also a very high capability of working in different conditions, being a useful tool for studying a large variety of mechanisms in different materials.

Quantifying thermomechanical fatigue of light-metal-matrix composites by mechanical spectroscopy
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions,  2004, vol. 35

Link to the publication

Summary:

This article reviews recent progress in understanding the stress-relaxation mechanisms in metal-matrix composites (MMCs) subjected to thermomechanical fatigue. Mechanical loss, dynamic shear modulus, and permanent torsional-strain measurements have been performed with forced oscillations during thermal cycling. A transient mechanical-loss maximum, which is absent in the monolithic material, appears during cooling. It has been attributed to the development of plastic zones around the reinforcements by dislocation generation and motion, which result from the differential thermal contraction of the matrix and reinforcement. This damping maximum is strongly dependent on both measurement and material parameters. The reversible shear-modulus evolution during thermal cycling suggests that no interfacial debonding occurs. In unalloyed matrices, extended thermal-stress-induced pleasicity occurs, leading to a plateau in the shear modulus, which is recovered at low temperatures by plastic-zone overlapping and matrix strain hardening. Simultaneously measured strain-temperature loops exhibit both reversible and permanent plasticity during thermal cycling (strain ratcheting).

2003

Selective laser sintering of aluminium- and titanium-based composites: processing and characterisation
Scientific paper ArODES

Sebastien Vaucher, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, C. André, Olivier Beffort

physica status solidi (a),  2003, vol. 199, no. 3, pp. R11-R13

Link to the publication

Summary:

Metal matrix composites have been processed by selective laser sintering of metal-ceramic powder blends. The feasibility of manufacturing Al- and Ti-based composites reinforced with various ceramic particles has been assessed. The resulting microstructures are strongly dependent on the laser power and metal-ceramic reactivity. High laser power results in improved density. In-situ grown carbides develop during sintering in AlMg12–SiC and Ti-graphite systems. On the contrary, no discernible reaction has been observed in AlSi20–SiC and Ti-diamond systems.

2002

Mechanical loss and dimensional stability during thermal cycling of SiC particle reinforced aluminium alloys
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Robert Schaller

physica status solidi (a),  2002, vol. 194, no. 1, pp. R1-R3

Link to the publication

1998

Processing and characterization of aluminium-based MMCs produced by gas pressure infiltration
Scientific paper ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, T. Cutard, A. Schaller, C. Bonjour

Materials Science and Engineering: A,  1998, vol A251, pp. 48-57

Link to the publication

Summary:

A device has been designed and built for unidirectional infiltration of ceramic preforms with a molten metal. It allows production of Al or Mg alloys reinforced with short or continuous ceramic fibres. The apparatus has been tested for different alloys and preforms by varying the process parameters (infiltration pressure, fibre content, melt superheat, preform preheat and solidification speed). As an example, full infiltration of Al2O3–SAFFIL chopped preforms with an Al–4wt.%Cu–1wt.%Mg–0.5wt.%Ag alloy has been achieved under controlled conditions by using a gas pressure between 1 and 3 MPa. The resulting metal matrix composite has been characterised by microscopical observations and mechanical tests. Measurements of Young’s modulus, density, microhardness and mechanical loss show that the optimal process conditions for Al–4wt.%Cu–1wt.%Mg–0.5wt.%Ag–SAFFIL composites are a temperature of 750°C for both preform and melt and the maximum infiltration pressure of 3 MPa. Preliminary tests have shown that the gas pressure infiltration apparatus is also suitable to produce continuous fibre reinforced and hybrid metal matrix composites.

2026

over 90 presentations at international conferences
Conference

Carreno-Morelli Efrain

., 24.08.2026, .

2025

induction sintering of low-cost titanium-iron alloys
Conference ArODES

Leandro Bolzoni, Valentin Roduit, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proc. of European Powder Metallurgy Conference Euro PM2025

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Summary:

Induction sintering uses a high-frequency electromagnetic field to sinter metal powder compacts. Short process time, energy efficiency and ability to reduce temperature gradients in the powder compact make induction sintering a promising technique for obtaining homogeneous structures at reduced cost. Titanium-iron alloys offer good potential for the manufacture of competitive parts thanks to the addition of an inexpensive alloying element, iron, which also improves the titanium sinterability. This work seeks to understand the effects that induction sintering performed in the vicinity of the allotropic phase transformation has on the properties of the Ti-5Fe and Ti-3Fe-2Al alloys, for achieving homogeneous microstructures and enhanced density and mechanical properties.

2023

Solvent-on-granules 3D-printing and material extrusion of soft magnetic Fe-6.5Si alloy
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Ludovic Meylan, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Xavier Carthoblaz-Délèze, Benoît Sahli, Rajasundar Chandran, Gioele Balestra

Proceedings of European Powder Metallurgy Congress, EuroPM2023, 1-4 October 2023 , Lisbon, Portugal

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Summary:

Soft ferromagnetic parts have been produced by two sinter-based additive manufacturing techniques: Solvent on Granules 3D Printing (SG-3DP) and Material Extrusion (MEX). Fe2.7Si and Fe6.5Si powders were mixed with multicomponent binders, then shaped to granules. Different formulations suitable for SG-3DP and MEX respectively were processed. Square section toroids for magnetic measurements, test cubes and a rotor/stator prototype were printed. The green parts were debound under nitrogen and sintered under hydrogen atmosphere, in a single thermal cycle, using a retort furnace. The sintered parts were characterized by measurements of B‐H hysteresis cycles. The impurity contents of carbon and oxygen were measured by melt extraction. The performance of parts processed by both SG-3DP and MEX methods, was compared with literature values obtained from conventional powder metallurgy processes.

Cermet cutting tool inserts :
Conference ArODES
improved by laser grinding and HIPIMS coating

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Ludovic Meylan, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Raymond Constantin, Michel Stucki, Georg Wälder

Proceedings of European Powder Metallurgy Congress EuroPM2023, 1-4 October 2023, Lisbon, Portugal

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Summary:

Ti(C,N)-MoNi cermets cutting tool inserts have been produced by cold compaction and sintering of commercial ready to press granules. The inserts have been characterized by hardness, density measurements and SEM observations. The cutting edges of sintered inserts were sharpened by laser grinding before coating with a PVD nitride layer by High power impulse magnetron sputtering. Instrumented scratch tests were conducted to evaluate the coating adhesion on both reference cemented carbide and experimental cermet inserts.

2019

Three-dimensional printing of hard materials
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Patricia Alveen, Steven G. Moseley, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Kevin Cardoso

Proceedings of ICSHM11 International Conference on the Science of Hard Materials, 25-29 March 2019, Khao Lak, Thailand

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2018

Additive manufacturing of Invar parts by solvent jetting on granule beds
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard

Proceedings of Euro PM2018 congress & exhibition, 14-18 October 2018, Bilbao, Spain

Link to the conference

Summary:

Invar Fe36Ni parts are produced by the “solvent on granule” 3D-Printing technique. Both elementary and prealloyed powders are used. A special purpose tabletopmachine, designed and built in a previous development, is used to print green parts, which are subsequently debinded and sintered in a muffle furnace. Prismatic specimens for thermal expansion tests and metallographicobservation are produced. In addition, benchmark parts are printed to test dimensional accuracy and shape preservation. The results show the feasibility of producing low thermal expansion coefficient material, which matches the target value of 1ppm/°Creported for the wrought alloy.

2017

The effects of oxygen on the fatigue behaviour of MIM Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy
Conference ArODES

Alexandra Amherd Hidalgo, Thomas Ebel, Wolfgang Limberg, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Robert Frykholm, Florian Pyczak

Proceedings of EuroPM 2017, 1-5 October 2017, Milan, Italy

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Summary:

The control of interstitial elements is an important aspect in titanium alloys processing. Oxygen changes the mechanical behaviour of titanium alloys. Nevertheless, much uncertainty still exists about the influence of oxygen on dynamic properties of titanium alloys. This study investigates the effect of oxygen in fatigue behaviour of Ti-6Al-7Nb processed by metal injection moulding (MIM) and the influence of residual porosity in fatigue properties. Four-point bending fatigue specimens with varying contents of oxygen were produced by MIM. Some of the specimens were subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) after MIM process. The specimens show a sharp drop in ductility when oxygen content increases from 0.15 to 0.45 wt.%. However, high cycle four-point bending fatigue results reveal just a slight decrease in the fatigue properties. Finally, the impact of residual porosity and oxygen on crack initiation and propagation was evaluated by the observation of microstructures and fractured surfaces.

2016

Fundamental understanding of the influence of oxygen on the fatigue behaviour of To-6Al-7Nb alloys
Conference ArODES

Thomas Ebel, Florian Pyczak, Wolfgang Limberg, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Robert Frykholm, Benjamin Brash

Proceedings of Powder Metallurgy World Congress, World PM2016 - AM - Powder bed based technologies, 9-13 October 2016, Hamburg, Germany

Link to the conference

Summary:

The control of the oxygen level plays a key role to successful powder metallurgy of titanium alloys. Oxygen affects the mechanical properties of titanium alloys by decreasing the ductility. Thus, in this work the influence of oxygen content on the properties of Ti-6Al-7Nb, which is an attractive alloy due to its biocompatibility and mechanical properties required for load bearing medical implants, was investigated. Tensile and fatigue specimens were produced by metal injection moulding (MIM) using gas atomized Ti-6Al-7Nb powder. Various interstitial contents (O, N, C) were introduced into the specimens. Tensile and yield strength values increased by 12% when the oxygen equivalent increased from 0.15 to 0.34 wt.%. However, the ductility drastically deteriorated when 0.46 wt.% was reached. High cycle 4-point bending fatigue tests showed that interstitials have a negative impact on the dynamic properties of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Microstructures and fracture surfaces were preliminary examined.

Processing of titanium parts with optimal tensile properties by press and sintering of low cost titanium hydride
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Skakti Corthay, Hervé Girard, Jacques-Eric Bidaux

Proceedings of Powder Metallurgy World Congress, World PM2016 - AM - Powder bed based technologies, 9-13 October 2016, Hamburg, Germany

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Summary:

This paper presents recent developments on press and sintering of titanium from metal hydride powder. Titanium hydride offers a low cost solution compared with pure titanium powder. Different lubricants have been used for uniaxial compaction in an electric press. Dog bone specimens for tensile tests have been pressed, dehydrided and sintered. Sintering was performed in a muffle furnace at temperatures between 1100°C to 1400°C under argon. Sintered parts exhibit a linear shrinkage of about 13%. The yield strength (575 MPa), ultimate tensile strength (704 MPa), elongation to fracture (20%) and interstitial content measured by melt extraction meet the requirements for titanium grade 4.

Additive manufacturing by solvent jetting on granule beds
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Glenn Flückiger, Christian Cachelin, Fritz Bircher, Johannes Renner, Jacques Richard

Proceedings of Powder Metallurgy World Congress, World PM2016 - AM - Powder bed based technologies, 9-13 October 2016, Hamburg, Germany

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Summary:

A "Solvent on Granule" 3D-Printing technique has been developed, which consists in the spreading of a powder-polymer granule bed, followed by the selective jetting of a solvent (which softens the polymer contained in the granules), and layer consolidation after solvent evaporation. The granules are prepared by wet blending, drying, milling and sieving. The granule layer thickness can be set between 50 μm and 200 μm, and the volume of the solvent droplets is about 10 pL. A summary of preliminary results obtained with 17-4PH stainless steel parts in a former prototype device is presented. A new concept of table-top machine is developed in this work and its essential components and functions are described.

MIM of nitrogen-strenghtened austenitic stainless steel using biopolymer-based binder
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Manfred Zinn, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Monica Bassas, Hervé Girard, Thierry Chappuis, Jacques Richard

Proceedings of Powder Metallurgy World Congress, World PM2016 - AM - Powder bed based technologies, 9-13 October 2016, Hamburg, Germany

Link to the conference

Summary:

High-nitrogen content austenitic stainless steel parts have been processed by injection moulding of a novel feedstock composed of gas atomized P558 stainless steel powder and biopolymer-based binder. The binder formulation consists of polyhydroxyalkanoate backbone polymer produced by bacterial fermentation, filler wax and surfactant. The solids loading was 60 vol.%. Tensile test specimens were injection moulded, debinded and sintered at 1270°C under nitrogen. The microstructure was characterized by metallographic observation, X-ray diffraction and X-ray computer tomography. Yield stress of 600 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 900 MPa were achieved, meeting the reference values of the wrought alloy.

Powder injection moulding of low modulus Ti-13Nb-13Zr for implant application
Conference ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, F. Comby, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proceedings of Powder Metallurgy World Congress, World PM2016 - AM - Powder bed based technologies, 9-13 October 2016, Hamburg, Germany

Link to the conference

Summary:

Ti-13Nb-13Zr is a low modulus near-β titanium alloy developed for surgical implants. In this work, the possibility of producing Ti-13Nb-13Zr parts by metal injection moulding is evaluated. Tensile test specimens are injection moulded using a feedstock based on elemental powders, then debinded and sintered. In an attempt to further decrease the elastic modulus, additional quenching and ageing post-treatments are applied. The as-sintered material shows a density of 96.5%, an elastic modulus of 85 MPa and a yield strength of 842 MPa. Subsequent water quenching from the β phase allows decreasing the elastic modulus to 58 GPa while retaining a good strength, 684 MPa. Further aging for 4 h at 500°C leads to the highest strength, 951 MPa, but the elastic modulus, 79 GPa, is practically unchanged compared to the as-sintered material. The microstructures before and after thermal treatment are analysed by using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Processing Of Titanium Parts With Optimal Tensile Properties By Press And Sintering Of Low Cost Titanium Hydride
Conference

Girard Hervé, Carreno-Morelli Efrain, Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel, Corthay Shakti, Amherd Hidalgo Alexandra, Bidaux Jacques-Eric

Powder Metallurgy World Congress WorldPM2016, 09.10.2016 - 13.10.2016, Hambourg, Germany

Link to the conference

2015

Nickel-free P558 austenitic steel parts processed from metal powder :
Conference ArODES
PHA biopolymer feedstocks

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Manfred Zinn, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Monica Bassas

Proceedings of EURO PM2015 - Advanced Materials and Applications 2, 4-7 September 2015, Reims, France

Link to the conference

Summary:

In this work, the feasibility of a novel processing route for high-nitrogen content austenitic steels is explored. Feedstock for powder injection moulding was prepared with gas atomized P558 stainless steel powder and binder containing a natural polymer as backbone polymer. Binders consisting of 45 wt% P(3HB-co-3HV) processed by bacterial fermentation, 45 wt% paraffin wax and 10 wt% stearic acid were employed. The solids loading was 60 vol.%. Tensile test specimens were injection moulded and subsequently subjected to solvent debinding in heptane, thermal debinding at 500°C and sintering at 1270°C under nitrogen. The microstructure was characterized by metallographic observation and X-ray diffraction. Yield stress values of 600 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 900 MPa and elongation of 25% were achieved.

Dense and porous materials processed from low cost titanium hydride powder
Conference

Girard Hervé, Carreno-Morelli Efrain, Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel, Corthay Shakti, Amherd Hidalgo Alexandra, Bidaux Jacques-Eric

FIMPART'15, 12.06.2015 - 15.06.2015, Hyderabad, India

Link to the conference

Metal injection moulding of superelastic NiTi parts
Conference

Girard Hervé, Carreno-Morelli Efrain, Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel, Reynard Lionel, Chevallier Jacques, Amherd Hidalgo Alexandra, Giachetto Jean-Charles

PM Titanium 2015, 30.05.2015 - 03.09.2015, Lüneburg, Germany

Link to the conference

2014

Low elastic modulus Ti-17Nb processed by powder injection moulding and post-sintering heat treatments
Conference

Girard Hervé, Bidaux Jacques-Eric, Carreno-Morelli Efrain, Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel, Pasquier Romain

Euro PM2014, 21.07.2014 - 24.09.2014, Salzburg, Austria

Link to the conference

2012

Fe2.7Si, Fe50Ni and Fe50Co Soft Ferromagnetic Materials by Powder Injection Moulding
Conference

Girard Hervé, Carreno-Morelli Efrain, Rodriguez Arbaizar Mikel, Herzog Raoul, Hamdam Hussein

Powder Metallurgy World Congress PM2012, 14.10.2012 - 18.10.2012, Yokohama, Japan

Fe2.7Si, Fe50Ni and Fe50Co soft ferromagnetic materials by powder injection moulding
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard, Hazimeh Hussein, Raoul Herzog

Proceedings of Powder Metallurgy World Congress PM2012, 14-18 october 2012, Yokohama, Japan

Link to the conference

Summary:

Powder injection moulding is an enabling technology for the production of soft ferromagnetic components, which bring solutions and open the way for new applications. In this work, square toroid parts have been injection moulded for three typical soft magnetic alloy compositions. Fe2.7Si, Fe50Ni and Fe50Co feedstocks were produced by mixing elemental powders and a multicomponent binder. The green parts were first solvent debinded in a heptane bath. Then, thermal debinding under nitrogen atmosphere and sintering under hydrogen atmosphere were performed in a single step in a retort furnace. The sintered parts were characterized by measurements of B‐H hysteresis cycles and optical metallography. The results were compared with literature values obtained from powder metallurgy processes.

Powder Injection Moulding of Structured Anode-supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Conference

Girard Hervé, Faes Antonin, Vuillemin Zacharie, Zryd Amédée, Carreno-Morelli Efrain, Van Herle Jan

10th European SOFC Forum, 29.06.2012 - 29.06.2012, Lucerne, Suisse

Summary:

Power Injection Molding (PIM) gives the possibility to produce ceramic parts with fine details at an industrial rate. It is thus one possible approach to reduce the fabrication costs of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC). This work presents fabrication and electrochemical characterization results of injection-molded structured anode-supported SOFCs.

Planar anode-supported SOFC with fine details have been produced by injection molding of nickel oxide (NiO) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The fine details will ensure a good gas transport on the fuel side. After YSZ electrolyte deposition using spin coating process, the half cell is co-sintered. Electrochemical test is done with a lanthanum-strontium manganite (LSM)-YSZ cathode. The performance of the cell is comparable to previous anode-support at 0.45 W cm-2 at 0.6 V and 810°C. Long term galvanostatic test shows a degradation rate of about 1.1 % per 1000 h. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) conclude on cathode degradation due to Cr and S poisoning.

This paper is the first published electrochemical test of an SOFC produced via powder injection molding (PIM) process. These first results are very promising for using PIM fabrication process in the SOFC field.

2011

Powder injection moulding of functional ceramic components for solid oxide fuel cells
Conference ArODES

Amédée Zryd, Hervé Girard, Antonin Faes, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proc. of European Powder Metallurgy Conference Euro PM2011, 9-12 October 2011, Barcelona, Spain

Link to the conference

Summary:

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) are a promising technology for high efficiency energy conversion. Powder injection moulding (PIM) is a possible approach to reduce the fabrication costs of SOFC. Components in the form of bars and disks with an intricate pattern of small details have been produced by injection moulding of nickel oxide (NiO) and yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ). Their residual porosity after sintering and after reduction has been characterised, as a function of sintering parameters. In addition, their thermal behavior and electrical properties have been analysed.

Tape casting of porous titanium thin sheets from titanium hydride
Conference ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, J. Garcia-Gomez, H. Hamdan, D. Zufferey, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Hervé Girard, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proc. of European Powder Metallurgy Conference Euro PM2011, 9-12 October 2011, Barcelona, Spain

Link to the conference

Summary:

Titanium thin sheets have been fabricated by tape casting using slurries based on titanium hydride powder. Titanium hydride is attractive because of its reduced cost with respect to pure titanium. Sheets of various thicknesses were tape cast, debinded, dehydrided and sintered. Porous sheets with even surfaces were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the polished crosssections showed fine and uniformly distributed pores. Tensile strengths of up to 320 MPa have been obtained for sheets with densities close to 75% of theoretical density.

Processing of titanium-based materials from low cost titanium hydride powders :
Conference ArODES
pim and tape casting

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Jacques-Eric Bidaux

Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials 2011 ; Proceedings of PowderMet 2011, 18-21 May 2011, San Francisco, CA, USA

Link to the conference

Summary:

This paper summarizes recent developments on titanium and titanium-nickel materials processed from titanium hydride powders. The feasibility of using this route to process performant, complex parts is assessed. Feedstocks for PIM were prepared with binders composed of polyethylene, paraffin wax and stearic acid. Solvent debinding in heptane was followed by thermal debinding and dehydrogenation at 500°C under argon. Titanium parts were sintered at 1200°C under argon. The ultimate tensile strength (666 MPa) and elongation to fracture (15%) meet the requirements for titanium grade 4. Watch bracelet segments were injection molded, showing good shape preservation and reproducibility. In addition, shape memory titanium-nickel parts with controlled porosity from 31 to 43% were sintered under argon at temperatures from 800°C to 1200°C. Slurries for tape casting composed of powder, solvent, plasticizer and binder were used to produce green tapes, which were debinded and sintered to obtain porous titanium thin sheets with 25% porosity.

2010

Tape casting of bronze-graphite sheets for tribological applications
Conference ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, V. Sonney, H. Hamdan, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, C. Bonjour, Pierre Bosc

Proceedings of PM2010 World Congress, 11-14 October 2010, Florence, Italy

Link to the conference

Summary:

The fabrication of bronze and bronze-graphite sheets by tape casting has been investigated. Slurries composed of powder, solvent, plasticizer and binder have been used. Green tapes have been produced, debinded and sintered. Pressureless sintering and hot pressing have been used for consolidation. The density of the sintered sheets depends on the sintering method and on the presence of graphite. Optical and scanning electron microscopy observations show a uniform dispersion of the graphite lubricant. The sheets are malleable. Pin-on disc tests show improved tribological properties.

Hardness of hot consolidated Al-SiC nanocomposites from planetary milled powders
Conference ArODES

Lauri Kollo, Marc Leparoux, Christopher R. Bradbury, Lembit Kommel, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar

Proceedings of the World Powder Metallurgy Congress and Exhibition, World PM 2010, 10-14 October 2010, Florence, Italy

Link to the conference

Summary:

Metal matrix nanocomposites have been processed by hot compaction of aluminium-nanosilicon carbide composite powders, which were produced by high energy planetary milling. The nano-SiC particles were produced by milling of micron-size starting powders. As a reference micron-sized reinforcements were chosen. The densification was carried out namely by hot pressing (in a steel- or graphite die) and by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). Hardness measurements of the compacted composite samples were performed to compare to the different processing technique. The results showed that in order to obtain increased hardness of the composites, nano-sized reinforcements are required. The hardness of the nanocomposites was further increased by ECAP compaction, by which high plastic deformations are applied to the matrix.

2009

Spray drying technique as a method for improving rheology of alumina feedstocks for powder injection moulding
Conference ArODES

B. Arias-Serrano, P. Thomas-Vielma, A. Várez, B. Levenfeld, S. Martinerie, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proceedings of Euro PM2009 - Powder Injection Moulding - Materials I, 12-14 October 2009, Copenhagen, Denmark

Link to the conference

Summary:

In this experimental work the effect of agglomeration in the starting powder of alumina feedstocks was analysed. Two pre-treated powders: one pre-coated with SA and a spray dried powder were used for comparison with the as received powder. Alumina feedstock was prepared with 58 vol. %. of powder and a binder system based on high density polyethylene (HDPE), paraffin wax (PW) and stearic acid (SA). The mixing process was optimized by means of mixing torque measurement. Rheological behaviour of three feedstocks was analysed using capillary rheometry. All the feedstocks exhibited a pseudoplastic behaviour with n < 1 according to the Herschel-Buckley model. Feedstocks with spray dried powder showed the lowest viscosity and this could allow to incorporate higher ceramic loading decreasing shrinkage and increasing densities of sintered parts.

Tape casting of copper based shape-memory alloys
Conference ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, Hervé Girard, V. Sonney, H. Hamdan, Samuel Rey-Mermet, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proceedings of European Powder Metallurgy Conference, Euro PM2009, 12-14 October 2009, Copenhagen, Denmark

Link to the conference

Summary:

The fabrication of Cu-Al-Ni-Mn alloys by tape casting followed by hot-compaction has been investigated. A slurry composed of a mixture of metallic powder, solid lubricant, binder, plasticizer and solvents has been used. Dense and chemically homogeneous Cu-Al-Ni-Mn shape-memory alloys have been obtained. The microstructure of the sintered compacts has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. The shapememory effect has been demonstrated in bending.

Powder injection moulding of titanium from TiH2 powders
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, W. Krstev, B. Romeira, Mikel Rodriguez Arbaizar, Jacques-Eric Bidaux, S. Zachmann

Proceedings of Euro PM2009 - Powder Injection Moulding - Materials I, 12-14 October 2009, Copenhagen, Denmark

Link to the conference

Summary:

Titanium parts have been processed from feedstocks composed of titanium hydride powders, low density polyethylene, paraffin wax and stearic acid. A two-step debinding process has been used, which consists of solvent debinding in heptane at 50°C followed by thermal debinding at 500°C. Sintering was performed at 1200°C. Both thermal debinding and sintering were performed under protective atmosphere in a MIM furnace equipped with molybdenum heating elements and a debinding retort. Special care in powder handling, feedstock preparation, debinding and sintering atmospheres, allowed to limit the residual oxygen, nitrogen and carbon contents, which were determined by quantitative analysis. The mechanical properties of net-shape sintered parts were measured by tensile tests. A tensile strength of 580 MPa and an elongation of 1.8% were obtained. Experimental watch bracelet segments were injection moulded, showing good shape preservation and reproducibility.

Titanium and Ti6Al4V parts processed by metal injection moulding
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, W. Krstev, Jacques-Eric Bidaux

Proceedings of 22nd European Conference on Biomaterials, ESB2009, 7-11 September 2009, Lausanne, Switzerland

Link to the conference

2008

Tape casting of copper alloys for tribological applications
Conference ArODES

M. Cans, H. Hamdam, Y. Öner, Jacques-Eric Bidaux, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proceedings of PM2008 - Advanced Powder Metallurgy, 29 September - 1st October 2008, Mannheim, Germany

Link to the conference

Summary:

Metal-ceramic friction materials have been fabricated by tape casting. Slurries composed of copper powder, solid lubricants, binder, plasticizer, dispersant and solvents have been developed. Tape-casting followed by hot pressing has been performed to obtain fully dense composite foils with homogeneous structure. In addition tape-cast foils have been sintered under pressure on steel substrates to obtain composite coatings, which exhibit good adhesion and enhanced tribological properties. In this work, the different stages to prepare homogeneous copper-graphite and copper-MoS2 slurries are described. A statistical method of image analysis is used to evaluate the solid lubricant distribution in the metal matrix. The tribological behaviour is characterized by pin-on-disc tests.

Net-shape manufacturing of NiTi shape-memory parts
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Jacques-Eric Bidaux

Proceedings of the 2008 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy Particulate Materials, 8-12 June 2008, Washington, D.C., USA ; Advances in powder metallurgy particulate materials-2008

Link to the conference

Summary:

NiTi parts have been produced by two net-shape manufacturing techniques: metal injection moulding (MIM) and three-dimensional printing (3DP). MIM parts were processed by using pre-alloyed powders, and two layer-manufacturing techniques: dropping of a binder on powder beds, and dropping of a solvent on powder-polymer granule beds. Both MIM and 3DP sintered parts are porous, and exhibit shape memory behaviour. MIM parts processed from Ni and TiH2 based feedstocks show a shape memory effect of more than 4%.

2007

Metal injection moulding of NiTi shape memory alloys
Conference ArODES

Jacques-Eric Bidaux, A. Jochem, D. Zufferey, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proceedings of Euro PM2007 - Powder Injection Moulding Poster Show, 15-17 October 2007, Toulouse, France

Link to the conference

Summary:

NiTi parts have been produced by injection moulding. A feedstock consisting of elemental titanium hydride and nickel powders blended with an organic binder was used. By using scanning electron microscopy observations coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis it was shown that the parts essentially consist of NiTi except some small Ti-rich domains and a contaminated surface layer. The presence of a martensitic transformation in the temperature range above room temperature was shown by differential scanning calorimetry. Shape memory effects of more than 4% were achieved.

Development of pressure sensors by powder technology
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Sébastien Martinerie, Caroline Jacq, Thomas Maeder, Sonia Vionnet-Menot, Peter Ryser

Proceedings of EuroPM 2007, 15-17 October 2007, Toulouse, France

Link to the conference

Summary:

Thick film deposition of conductive, dielectric and resistive pastes on ceramic membranes is a cost effective technique to manufacture piezoresistive pressure sensors. Thick-film resistors consist of a percolating network of conductive oxide nanoparticles dispersed in an insulating glassy matrix, the electrical properties of which depend on firing conditions and composition. Ceramic membranes are appropriate to withstand the firing temperatures of thick-film materials, which are about 850°C. However brittleness is a common drawback for high performance applications. In this work, the feasibility of producing piezoresistive films on metallic substrates is investigated. Two routes are explored: a) thick-film deposition of novel materials with low firing temperature on standard steels substrates, and b) standard thick-film deposition on special alloys, which do not undergo mechanical degradation at 850°C. The metallic substrates are manufactured by metal injection molding, or by cold compaction of powder blends followed by natural sintering. The mechanical and electrical properties of the novel sensors are evaluated.

2006

High performance thick-film pressure sensors on steel
Conference ArODES

Caroline Jacq, Thomas Maeder, Sébastien Martinerie, Giancarlo Corradini, Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Peter Ryser

Proceedings of the 4th European Microelectronics and Packaging Symposium, 21-24 May 2006, Terme Catez, Slovenia

Link to the conference

Summary:

The aim of this work is to examine the possibility of high performance pressure sensors based on piezoresistive thick films deposited on steel membranes, which combine the performance advantage of thin-film sensors (high-strength steel substrates, assembly without elastomer seal) with the low cost of ceramic thick-film sensors. As standard thick-film firing conditions degrade the properties of most high-strength steels, two routes were explored: 1) application of a special steel, which does not undergo mechanical degradation at 850°C, and 2) development and use of thick-film materials firing at a lower temperature. This work presents the development and characterisation of low-firing thick-film systems (dielectrics, resistors and conductors), formulated to achieve chemical and thermal expansion compatibility with a wide range of substrates. Results on electrical properties of these systems: resistance, thermal coefficient of resistance (TCR) and strain response on different steel substrates are compared, together with those of standard thick-film systems on heat resistant special steel.

2005

Solid free-form fabrication of dense metallic parts
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, Sébastien Martinerie

Proceedings of Euro PM2005, Full Density Alternative Consolidation I, 2-4 October 2005, Prague, Czech Republic

Link to the conference

Summary:

Manufacturing of metallic parts has been performed by a novel variant of the three-dimensional printing technique. Green parts have been processed on a customized ink-jet printer by selective deposition of a solvent on powder-polymer granulate beds. Appropriated debinding and sintering treatments allowed to obtain 430L, 316L and 17-4PH stainless steel parts with good shape retention, and properties close to those of metal injection molding parts. In addition, the potential of this cost-effective technique for processing other engineering materials is shown. For instance, NiTi shape memory alloys and FeNi alloys have been successfully processed from pre-alloyed powders.

Development of low-temperature thick-film materials for piezoresistive sensors
Conference ArODES

Caroline Jacq, Thomas Maeder, Sonia Vionnet-Menot, Claudio Grimaldi, Igor Saglini, Peter Ryser, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proceedings of Sintering 2005, 29 August - 1 September 2005, Grenoble, France

Link to the conference

Summary:

Thick-film materials are very advantageous for piezoresistive pressure and force sensors because of ease of processing, reliability and low cost. However, their applications are restricted because standard thick-film materials require processing temperatures around 850°C, which essentially restricts them to ceramic substrates. In this work, we examine the processing and properties of thick-film dielectric and resistor compositions designed to sinter at lower temperatures, making them compatible with high-strength stainless steel alloys (<700°C). Both dielectric and resistor materials are based on a lead borosilicate glass matrix, with suitable filler materials such as SiO2 (quartz) and Al2O3 for the dielectrics and RuO2 for the resistor. The materials were investigated X-ray diffraction, mechanical and electrical testing. During firing, the thick-film materials undergo liquid-phase sintering through the glass matrix. Glass-filler chemical interactions are significant in the case of SiO2 filler, and very small with Al2O3 or RuO2. By adjusting the fillers, the glass composition and the processing parameters, we can obtain suitable thick-film materials for piezoresistive sensors with low processing temperatures, compatible with high-strength steel substrates.

2004

Tiny tubes boost for metal matrix composites
Conference ArODES

Efrain Carreno-Morelli, J. Yang, R. Schaller, Christian Bonjour

Metal Powder Report ; Proceedings of Euro PM 2003, 20-22 October 2003, Valencia, Spain

Link to the conference

Summary:

Novel light metal matrix composites reinforced by carbon nanotubes have been produced by a Swiss research group using powder metallurgical methods. The magnesium composites exhibited a substantially higher Young's modulus than unreinforced sintered magnesium…

2003

Carbon nanotube composites
Conference ArODES

Robert Schaller, Laszlo Forro, Christian Bonjour, Efrain Carreno-Morelli

Proc. of International Nano Conference 2003 and Top Nano 21 Annual Meeting, 9-11 September 2003, St. Gallen, Switzerland

Link to the conference

Summary:

Magnesium matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotuves (CNTs) were processed by high pressure sintering. Processing conditions were found, which allowed us to obtain bulk specimens with sound mechanical properties. Effectively, Mg-2%CNTs composites exhibit mechanical strength and ductility similar to the ones of classical Mg alloys, and Yung modulus higher by 9.3% with respect to pure magnesium sintered without reinforcement.

Achievements

2023

Active member in scientific societies

 2023 ; .

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

- European Powder Metallurgy Association (EPMA)

- Professional Society for Powder Metallurgy (APMI International)

- Swiss Innovation Booster Additive Manufacturing (IBAM)

- SVMT Expert Group Powder Technology

- Argentinian Physics Association.

Chairman or Co-Chairman

 2023 ; in several Congresses

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Chairman: TPC of European Powder Metallurgy Congress EuroPM2012, Basel, 16-19-09.2012

Co-Chairman: SVMT Expert Group on Powder Technology Meetings (Dübendorf 2018, Fribourg 2019, Sion 2021)

Session Chair

 2023 ; in many International Conferences

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Light Materials - Titanium Alloys (EuroPM2023 Lisbon, WorldPM2022 Lyon), Functional Materials (EuroPM2023 Lisbon), Ferrous Materials - Steels for Binder Jetting (WorldPM2022 Lyon), AM Sinter based Technologies (WorldPM2022 Lyon), Materials for Biomedical Applications (EuroPM2019 Maastricht), Metal Matrix Composites (EuroPM2018 Bilbao, EuroPM2011 Barcelona), Powder Injection Moulding (EuroPM2017 Milano, WorldPM2016 Hamburg, EuroPM2015 Reims, EuroPM2014 Salzburg, EuroPM2013 Gothenburg, EuroPM2012 Basel), Powder Metallurgy (FiMPART'15 Hyderabad), Metal Injection Moulding (PM Titanium 2015 Lüneburg), Ti Alloys & Ti Based Composites (PM2010 Firenze), Fatigue and Creep of Metal Matrix Composites (TMS Annual Meeting 2002 Seattle)

Member of Technical Program Commitee

 2023 ; for many International Conferences

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

- WorldPM Powder Metallurgy World Congress (Lyon, 2022, Hamburg 2016, Florence 2010)

- EuroPM European Powder Metallurgy Congress (Lisbon 2023, Bilbao 2021, Virtual Congress 2020, Maastricht 2019, Bilbao 2018, Milan 2017, Reims 2015, Salzburg 2014, Gothenburg 2013, Basel 2012, Barcelona 2011)

- PowderMet / AMPM International Conference on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials / Additive Manufacturing with Powder Metallurgy (Pittsburgh PA 2024, Las Vegas NV 2023, Portland OR 2022, Orlando FL 2021),

- PMTi Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing of Titanium (Salt Lake City 2019, Lüneburg 2015),

Editorial Board Member

 2023 ; for the journals Papers in Physics (ISSN 1852-4249) and Powder Metallurgy Progress (ISSN 1339-4533)

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Link to the achievement

.

Reviewer

 2023 ; for many Scientific Journals

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Additive Manufacturing, Powder Technology, Materials Science and Engineering A, Composites Part A, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Composites Science and Technology, Mechanics of Materials, Intermetallics, International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials (Elsevier), Physica Status Solidi (Wiley-VCH), Defects and Diffusion Forum (Trans Tech. Publications), Metallurgical and Materials Transactions (ASM International), Advanced Engineering Materials (Springer), Materials, Metals (MDPI)

2020

3D-Printing of fully dense cemented carbides for cutting tools

 2020 ; Achievement in materials development and functional parts processing

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Succesfull application of SG-3DP technique in collaboration with Hilti Corporation.

2019

MIM and 3D-Printing of Nickel-Free Stainless Steel

 2019 ; Achievement in materials development

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Use of novel biosourced MIM binders.

Use of SG-3DP technique to print experimental watch cases and straps.

Selective laser melting of NiTi superelastic alloys

 2019 ; Achievement in materials development

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

The first ever reported superelasticity under tensile conditions of SLM alloys.

2015

MIM of Titanium-Niobium biocompatible alloys

 2015 ; Achievement in materials development

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

First ever reported processing of Titanium-Niobium by metal injection moulding

2012

MIM of Titanium from Titanium Hydride powders

 2012 ; Achievement in materials development and functional parts processing

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

Use of low-cost powder for processing of Ti grade 4 parts

2005

Solvent on Granules 3D-Printing (SG-3DP)

 2005 ; Invention of new additive manufacturing technique

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

The process consists in the selective deposition of solvent drops (by using an inkjet printhead) on powder-polymer granule beds. The polymer is softened by the solvent and the granules are bound to each other, which is followed by solvent evaporation and layer consolidation. In this way, a green body is grown layer by layer. Then, the loose unbound granules are removed and the green part is subjected to a thermal treatment of debinding and sintering.

The process is suitable for the manufacturing of complex shape metal, ceramic, and metal-ceramic composite parts.

2004

Hot compaction of carbon-nanotube metal matrix composites

 2004 ; Achievement in materials development

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

First bulk nanotube-reinforced metal reported in Europe.

1994

Diagnosis System for Oil Pumping Units

 1994 ; Copyrighted software and instrumentation

Collaborateurs: Carreno-Morelli Efrain

System for monitoring the operation condition of pumpjacks in oil wells. Tested and commercialized in oil fields in Patagonia, Argentina.

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